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<text id=89TT3283>
<title>
Dec. 18, 1989: Now Wait Just A Minute
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
Endangered Earth Updates
Dec. 18, 1989 Money Laundering
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
ENVIRONMENT, Page 68
NOW WAIT JUST A MINUTE
</hdr>
<body>
<p>By Eugene Linden
</p>
<p> Since the dawn of the Green movement, critics have argued
that environmentalists exaggerate the dangers that humans pose
to planet earth and understate the resilience of nature.
Historically, the naysayers have had a key influence on policy:
they weakened the original Clean Air and Clean Water acts, and
Reagan officials James Watt and Anne Burford nearly destroyed
the Environmental Protection Agency. But a worsening environment
has put the naysayers on the defensive as they struggle to
explain ever dirtier air, moribund forests and lakes, oil
spills, desertification and the ozone holes over the poles.
</p>
<p> Still, while the critics may be down, they are not out. The
public may think such issues as the imminence of global warming
and the danger of toxic wastes are settled, but scientists do
not. Their disagreements about ecological threats make life
uncomfortable for the activists, who fear that any apparent
uncertainty will give policymakers an excuse for inaction.
Critics respond that environmental false alarms have produced
bad policy. While some naysayers are economists, industrialists
and bureaucrats who view environmentalism as an irrelevant
disruption of the real business of the world, others are
sophisticated scientists who maintain that the U.S. should not
risk its economic security to prepare for ecocatastrophes that
might never come to pass.
</p>
<p> One formidable contrarian is Bruce Ames, a biochemist at
the University of California, Berkeley. He contends that
obsessive concern with cancer-causing chemicals in foods,
pesticides and toxic wastes has produced a regulatory tangle at
EPA and a superfluous Superfund to clean dump sites. Government
restrictions on man-made chemicals are absurdly stringent in
proportion to their risk, says Ames. He notes that while the
public panicked last spring because of trace amounts of the
synthetic growth regulator Alar found on apples, many fruits
contain natural carcinogens in concentrations 1,000 times as
great. Observes Ames: "Eating vegetables and lowering fat intake
will do more to reduce cancer than eliminating pollutants."
</p>
<p> Ames is a tough target for environmentalists because he
devised the test that is used to determine whether chemicals
are carcinogenic. Nonetheless, Janet Hathaway of the Natural
Resources Defense Council argues that talk about natural
carcinogens deflects attention from industry's responsibility
for environmental risks. Ames, she says, exaggerates levels of
natural toxins and understates the exposure to and effect of
synthetic chemicals.
</p>
<p> Another area of contention is global warming, which
scientists fear could cause disruptive changes, such as a rise
in sea levels. NASA official James Hansen told Congress last
year that he believed the greenhouse effect had already arrived.
Since then, that assertion has been widely challenged.
</p>
<p> Among the most respected critics is Andrew Solow, a
statistician at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's
Marine Policy Center in Massachusetts. Solow asserts that the
computer models used to predict the greenhouse effect are so
weak that they cannot even account for the modest 0.5 degrees
C warming that has occurred over the past 100 years. "We all
believe in the physics of the greenhouse effect," says Solow,
"but to say almost anything about timing, the magnitude of
change or its geographic distribution is more than we can do."
</p>
<p> The scientist believes lack of computing power--as well
as ignorance about such critical factors as the interactions
between the oceans and the atmosphere, and the impact of clouds
on surface temperatures--limits the ability to predict the
greenhouse effect. "It's possible that Washington will see 96
days of temperatures over 100 degrees F in the year 2010," he
says, "but it's also possible that the U.S. will be economically
impoverished because it unilaterally imposed draconian measures
in anticipation of a greenhouse warming that never arrived."
</p>
<p> Stephen Schneider of the National Center for Atmospheric
Research responds that waiting for absolute certainty about
global warming will produce many years of policy paralysis.
Thomas Lovejoy of the Smithsonian Institution agrees, noting
that societies may pay a price for doing nothing that outweighs
the expense of prudent preparation. While the world hailed the
1987 Montreal Protocol, designed to reduce chlorofluorocarbon
output, the destruction of the ozone layer continued to
accelerate because of CFCs already in use. Atmospheric chemist
Sherwood Rowland of the University of California at Irvine is
worried that similar delays in dealing with global warming will
produce a treaty that is "a perfect autopsy."
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>