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- <text id=89TT3283>
- <title>
- Dec. 18, 1989: Now Wait Just A Minute
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Endangered Earth Updates
- Dec. 18, 1989 Money Laundering
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ENVIRONMENT, Page 68
- NOW WAIT JUST A MINUTE
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By Eugene Linden
- </p>
- <p> Since the dawn of the Green movement, critics have argued
- that environmentalists exaggerate the dangers that humans pose
- to planet earth and understate the resilience of nature.
- Historically, the naysayers have had a key influence on policy:
- they weakened the original Clean Air and Clean Water acts, and
- Reagan officials James Watt and Anne Burford nearly destroyed
- the Environmental Protection Agency. But a worsening environment
- has put the naysayers on the defensive as they struggle to
- explain ever dirtier air, moribund forests and lakes, oil
- spills, desertification and the ozone holes over the poles.
- </p>
- <p> Still, while the critics may be down, they are not out. The
- public may think such issues as the imminence of global warming
- and the danger of toxic wastes are settled, but scientists do
- not. Their disagreements about ecological threats make life
- uncomfortable for the activists, who fear that any apparent
- uncertainty will give policymakers an excuse for inaction.
- Critics respond that environmental false alarms have produced
- bad policy. While some naysayers are economists, industrialists
- and bureaucrats who view environmentalism as an irrelevant
- disruption of the real business of the world, others are
- sophisticated scientists who maintain that the U.S. should not
- risk its economic security to prepare for ecocatastrophes that
- might never come to pass.
- </p>
- <p> One formidable contrarian is Bruce Ames, a biochemist at
- the University of California, Berkeley. He contends that
- obsessive concern with cancer-causing chemicals in foods,
- pesticides and toxic wastes has produced a regulatory tangle at
- EPA and a superfluous Superfund to clean dump sites. Government
- restrictions on man-made chemicals are absurdly stringent in
- proportion to their risk, says Ames. He notes that while the
- public panicked last spring because of trace amounts of the
- synthetic growth regulator Alar found on apples, many fruits
- contain natural carcinogens in concentrations 1,000 times as
- great. Observes Ames: "Eating vegetables and lowering fat intake
- will do more to reduce cancer than eliminating pollutants."
- </p>
- <p> Ames is a tough target for environmentalists because he
- devised the test that is used to determine whether chemicals
- are carcinogenic. Nonetheless, Janet Hathaway of the Natural
- Resources Defense Council argues that talk about natural
- carcinogens deflects attention from industry's responsibility
- for environmental risks. Ames, she says, exaggerates levels of
- natural toxins and understates the exposure to and effect of
- synthetic chemicals.
- </p>
- <p> Another area of contention is global warming, which
- scientists fear could cause disruptive changes, such as a rise
- in sea levels. NASA official James Hansen told Congress last
- year that he believed the greenhouse effect had already arrived.
- Since then, that assertion has been widely challenged.
- </p>
- <p> Among the most respected critics is Andrew Solow, a
- statistician at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's
- Marine Policy Center in Massachusetts. Solow asserts that the
- computer models used to predict the greenhouse effect are so
- weak that they cannot even account for the modest 0.5 degrees
- C warming that has occurred over the past 100 years. "We all
- believe in the physics of the greenhouse effect," says Solow,
- "but to say almost anything about timing, the magnitude of
- change or its geographic distribution is more than we can do."
- </p>
- <p> The scientist believes lack of computing power--as well
- as ignorance about such critical factors as the interactions
- between the oceans and the atmosphere, and the impact of clouds
- on surface temperatures--limits the ability to predict the
- greenhouse effect. "It's possible that Washington will see 96
- days of temperatures over 100 degrees F in the year 2010," he
- says, "but it's also possible that the U.S. will be economically
- impoverished because it unilaterally imposed draconian measures
- in anticipation of a greenhouse warming that never arrived."
- </p>
- <p> Stephen Schneider of the National Center for Atmospheric
- Research responds that waiting for absolute certainty about
- global warming will produce many years of policy paralysis.
- Thomas Lovejoy of the Smithsonian Institution agrees, noting
- that societies may pay a price for doing nothing that outweighs
- the expense of prudent preparation. While the world hailed the
- 1987 Montreal Protocol, designed to reduce chlorofluorocarbon
- output, the destruction of the ozone layer continued to
- accelerate because of CFCs already in use. Atmospheric chemist
- Sherwood Rowland of the University of California at Irvine is
- worried that similar delays in dealing with global warming will
- produce a treaty that is "a perfect autopsy."
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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